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モーションセンサーの種類と仕組み

Horace He

最終更新日: 2023年12月26日

現代のセキュリティ、省エネ、自動化システムの基盤である人感センサーは、私たちの日常生活に欠かせない存在となっています。テクノロジーに精通したスマートホームの所有者から商業ビジネスに至るまで、幅広いユーザーのニーズに応えます。使いやすさで知られるこれらのデバイスは、あらゆる空間にシームレスに統合され、さらなるセキュリティと安心感を提供します。

Choosing the right motion sensor can be a complex task, given the variety of types available in the market today. In this article, we’ll be explaining how they work, their benefits, and their various types to help you be well-equipped to choose and install the perfect sensors for your home or business.

目次

人感センサーとは

人感センサー(モーションディテクターとも呼ばれます)は、センサーを使用して周辺の人、動物、またはその他の物体の存在や動きを検知する電子機器です。これらの機器は、不在時の目や耳としての役割を果たします。

Motion sensors work by picking up on tiny changes in their environment, such as variations in temperature, vibration, or radiation. When a sensor detects motion, it sends an alert/signal to your security system or other devices it’s connected to, such as lighting. With newer systems, this alert can be sent directly to your mobile phone, providing real-time updates about activity in your home and business or the monitoring team, ensuring a rapid response to any potential threats.

Motion sensors can help save energy by powering lights in an area only when needed. For instance, motion sensors can be connected to the lights in a room so that the lights automatically turn on when someone enters and turn off after a period of inactivity in the space.

人感センサーの仕組み

人感センサーにはいくつかの種類があり、それぞれ異なる仕組みで動作し、特定のニーズに対応するように設計されています。最も頻繁に使用される種類には、パッシブ赤外線(PIR)、超音波、マイクロ波、およびデュアルテック/ハイブリッドセンサーがあります。より広義には、人感センサーは2つの主要なタイプに分類できます。環境の変化を検知するパッシブ(受動型)人感センサーと、超音波を送信し、物体に当たって跳ね返ってくる波を検知する超音波センサーなどのアクティブ(能動型)人感センサーです。

PIR人感センサー

Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors are a common type of motion sensor, frequently used in various applications, including home security systems and energy-efficient lighting. PIR sensors work by detecting fluctuations in infrared energy, which is naturally emitted as heat by humans, animals, and warm objects.

PIR sensors are designed with two or three pyroelectric sensors that are sensitive to infrared radiation. These sensors are typically arranged in a symmetrical, mirror-like configuration. When there is no motion, the two sensors receive the same amount of infrared radiation from the ambient background, and their electrical outputs are balanced.

When a warm object, such as a person or a pet, moves within the sensor’s field of view, it enters one pyroelectric sensor’s area before the other. This movement can cause a difference in the amount of infrared radiation each sensor receives, creating an imbalance. The change in infrared radiation causes one sensor to generate a higher electrical output than the other.

The PIR sensor’s electronic circuitry processes this difference and creates a digital output, typically a voltage pulse. The digital output is then sent to the device or system to which the PIR sensor is connected, such as a light, alarm, or security system.

PIR sensors have a wide field of view thanks to the lens covering the sensor. This lens, often made of plastic, can focus and bend infrared energy, similar to how a lens focuses visible light. This enables PIR sensors to detect IR radiation from a wider coverage.

超音波式モーションセンサー

Ultrasonic motion sensors operate by emitting ultrasonic soundwaves. These soundwaves, which are at a frequency above the range of human hearing, bounce off objects in the immediate vicinity and return to the sensor.

The core component of ultrasonic motion sensors is a device called a transducer, which sends out the ultrasonic pulse and receives the echo. The sensor determines the distance between itself and the target by measuring the time between sending and receiving the signal. Ultrasonic sensors can detect objects regardless of their color, surface type, or material type (i.e., metallic vs. non-metallic). They can even detect translucent objects, though this is usually reserved for industrial applications.

Ultrasonic motion sensors are typically non-invasive and can be used in various applications, ranging from different types of home security systems to home automation devices. They are known for their accuracy and reliability, making them a valuable tool in modern security systems. In contrast, ultrasonic sensors aren’t great for outdoor security. Factors like small animals and insects can set them off. Also, furniture and other obstructions can affect an ultrasonic sensor’s ability to gauge motion.

動き検知連動の省エネソリューションをお探しですか?

各種PIR動きセンサー、動き検知連動の省エネ製品、動きセンサーライトスイッチ、商用向けのOccupancy/Vacancy(在室/不在)ソリューションについては、当社までお気軽にお問い合わせください。

デュアルテクノロジー式モーションセンサー

Dual Technology motion sensors, often referred to as dual-tech or dual-motion sensors, are a type of motion sensor that combines two or more different sensor technologies to enhance accuracy and reduce false alarms in motion detection. The most common combination in dual-technology motion sensors is Passive Infrared (PIR) and Microwave (MW) sensors.

The PIR sensor detects body heat and movement by capturing the infrared wavelength rays that a moving person or object emits. On the other hand, the microwave sensor component emits microwaves that travel faster than infrared rays, allowing it to detect slight movements that the infrared sensor would miss.

The critical innovation of dual technology sensors lies in combining the output signals from both sensor types. Both the PIR and microwave sensors must trigger simultaneously for the dual tech sensor to register motion. This requirement significantly reduces false alarms caused by factors like temperature fluctuations, small animals, or moving objects like curtains.

For instance, a quick rise in temperature in the room can cause the PIR to go off, while wind can move an object and trigger the microwave sensor. With the Dual Tech/Hybrid, both sensors will need to sense changes to get triggered, causing false alarms to be extremely low. However, dual-tech motion sensors tend to be expensive due to the combination of technologies used.

マイクロ波式モーションセンサー

Microwave motion sensors, also known as radar sensors, operate by emitting microwave signals and then measuring the reflections of those signals to detect motion. These sensors generate electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to meters, typically in the gigahertz (GHz) frequency range.

The emitted microwave signal travels through the surrounding space to interact with objects and surfaces within the sensor’s field of view. When the emitted microwave signal encounters an object or obstacle, such as a person or a vehicle, some of the microwave energy is reflected toward the sensor. The sensor’s receiver captures the reflected signals and analyzes factors such as the signal’s frequency shift (Doppler effect) and phase shift to determine the presence and motion of objects. Once motion is detected and confirmed, the microwave sensor triggers an action, such as turning on lights, sounding an alarm, or activating a security system.

Microwave sensors can cover a larger area than passive infrared sensors. But they are more expensive and can cause more false alarms because they’re able to “see” through walls. They are reasonably impervious to false alarms induced by environmental factors, like wind and rain, and can be programmed to ignore parts of the house where children and pets often play. In cases when visibility is limited, they are helpful since they can detect through walls and other obstructions.

Microwave sensors are used in security devices to protect wide open spaces, for non-invasive monitoring in industrial and healthcare industries, and in geomorphological applications. They are typically used on commercial and industrial premises, emitting pulses across long ranges to detect movement and cover wider areas than PIRs.

トモグラフィック式モーションセンサー

Tomographic motion sensors are a cutting-edge type of motion detection technology. Unlike traditional motion sensors that rely on a single sensor, tomographic motion sensors consist of several nodes distributed throughout a space. These nodes form a mesh network and communicate with each other to monitor the environment.

The operation of tomographic motion sensors is based on the principle of detecting disturbances in the links between the nodes. When an object or person enters the field between the nodes, it disrupts the links, signaling movement. This makes tomographic motion sensors highly effective in detecting the presence of a person or object.

Tomographic motion sensors can be completely concealed. Since they do not rely on line of sight like other sensors, they can be hidden from view, making them ideal for discreet monitoring applications. They utilize radio waves for communication between nodes, which allows them to work through walls, providing a significant advantage in terms of coverage and detection capabilities.

振動式モーションセンサー

Vibration motion sensors, also referred to as seismic sensors, are unique devices that detect minute vibrations caused by movement. These sensors are highly sensitive and utilize components such as piezoelectric crystals and accelerometers to detect the small vibrations that occur when objects move.

When a person or an object moves through a room, it causes small vibrations. These vibrations, as subtle as they might be, are picked up by the vibration motion sensors. This makes bibration sensors particularly useful in a variety of applications.

Vibration sensors are instrumental in detecting attempts to break into buildings or tamper with security equipment. Their high sensitivity allows them to pick up even the slightest disturbances, providing an extra layer of security. They are also used to detect earthquakes and monitor machinery for signs of failure or wear. This versatility makes them a valuable tool in various industries.

Vibration sensors are one of the more affordable options available and are switch-activated to send out vibrations that detect motion. This cost-effectiveness, combined with their versatility and sensitivity, makes them a popular choice for many applications.

接触式モーションセンサー

Contact motion sensors, also known as door/window sensors, are a type of motion sensor that is designed to detect movement in doors or windows. They alert you when a door or window is opened.

Contact sensors use a magnet to detect movement. The sensor is typically composed of two parts: one part is attached to the door or window frame (the jamb), and the other is attached to the door or window itself. These two parts form a closed circuit when the door or window is closed.

When the door or window opens, the two parts of the sensor separate, breaking the circuit. This change is detected by the sensor, which then triggers an alarm or sends an alert to the security system. This allows the system to respond appropriately, whether that’s sounding an alarm, sending a notification to your phone, or alerting a monitoring center.

Contact motion sensors are simple and reliable to use. Because they use a simple magnetic mechanism, they are less prone to false alarms than some other types of sensors. They are also easy to install and can be used on virtually any type of door or window.

ペット免疫機能付きモーションセンサー

Pet-immune motion sensors are designed to distinguish between the movements of humans and pets. These sensors are a boon for pet owners who want to secure their homes without triggering false alarms due to their pets’ activities.

Most pet-immune motion sensors are based on passive infrared technology, which can ignore animals up to a certain weight. This weight limit is usually around 40 pounds, but it can vary depending on the specific model of the sensor. This means that small to medium-sized pets can move freely around the house without triggering the alarm. Homeowners with particularly energetic pets can fine-tune the sensor’s detection threshold and sensitivity to reduce the likelihood of false alarms even further.

Dual technology pet motion sensors are more resistant to false alarms because they require two sensors to be triggered in a specific way. This makes them less likely to be set off by pets, as the movements of animals and humans are distinctly different.

The effectiveness of pet-immune motion sensors is highly dependent on their placement. For instance, placing the sensor too low might make it more sensitive to pets, while placing it too high might cause it to miss human movements.

ビデオ動体検知センサー

Video motion sensors leverage advanced signal processing to detect movement within their field of view. They are commonly integrated into security cameras and video doorbells, providing an extra layer of security and convenience for homeowners and businesses alike.

When a video motion sensor detects movement, it triggers the camera to start recording. This feature is particularly beneficial as it ensures that the camera only records when there is activity, thereby saving on memory storage by not recording hours of useless footage. Instead, it captures only the essential moments, making it easier for users to review the footage and identify any incidents of interest.

A video doorbell is an excellent example of utilizing video motion sensors. When the camera senses motion, such as someone approaching the door, it automatically begins recording. This allows homeowners to see who’s at the door, whether it’s a visitor, a delivery person dropping off a package, or an unwanted intruder. This not only enhances home security but also adds a level of convenience, as homeowners can monitor their front door from anywhere using a connected device.

エリア反射型センサー

Area reflective sensors operate by emitting beams of light, typically infrared, which are then reflected back by nearby objects. This reflection is what the sensor detects, allowing it to sense movement within its range.

These sensors are incorporated into LEDs, which emit infrared light. The sensor then measures the distance to the object based on the time it takes for the light to return. This allows the sensor to detect not only the presence of an object but also its proximity.

Area reflective sensors are particularly useful in environments where precise motion detection is required. They are often used in automatic doors, providing a hands-free method for door operation that is both convenient and hygienic, or in warehouse and factory environments to protect high-value inventory.

Area reflective sensors are able to detect movement within a lighted area. This makes them highly versatile and suitable for a wide range of applications. However, the performance is highly affected by the reflectivity of the object, with less reflective objects being harder to detect.

人感センサーを使用する理由(メリット)

人感センサーは、安全性、利便性、および効率性を高める多くのメリットを提供します。人感センサーの導入を検討すべき理由とそのメリットは以下の通りです。

不正アクティビティの監視

Motion sensors detect unauthorized movement and send an alert to your control panel, which in turn alerts your monitoring center. This immediate notification system is crucial in maintaining the security of your home, especially when you’re not there.

Motion sensors stand guard, ready to react to various situations, such as movement in your living room, windows or doors opening or closing, or even a window breaking. They work most effectively when connected to commercial security cameras and deterrence tools like sirens and strobe lights.

In the event of an intrusion, the alarm system integrated with security cameras can present relevant footage alongside alarm notifications. This enables eyewitness accounts of genuine intrusions that usually result in speedy, priority police dispatches.

Motion sensors also help enhance the surveillance efficiency of your security cameras. Smart motion sensors in cameras not only preserve high-value video storage space but also make investigations easier by avoiding hours of unnecessary footage.

エネルギー効率の向上

Motion sensors are not just for security. When integrated with building management systems, they can automatically turn lights on or off and adjust temperature settings to save energy and lower utility bills.

オペレーションの強化

Commercial motion sensors, known as occupancy sensors, collect data about building usage and occupancy patterns. This information is used to optimize workflows. For example, motion sensors in a warehouse can be programmed to automatically open necessary doors when approaching forklifts are detected.

ダイナミックかつ自動化

In retail settings, motion sensors can enhance sales by lighting up particular items as people approach. This dynamic lighting not only improves energy efficiency but also draws attention to specific items more effectively than standard lighting systems. 

Automatic customer door sensors work by using ultrasonic sound waves or microwaves to detect approaching customers. These sensors are especially helpful for people with disabilities, those carrying heavy items, and in the prevention of injuries caused by caught fingers and people on the wrong side of manual doors.

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その他の主な用途

Motion sensors can also alert you in the event that your teen breaks curfew, trigger a doorbell when someone approaches the front door, alert you when kids enter restricted areas in the home, like the basement, workout room, or medicine cabinet, save energy by using motion sensor lighting in unoccupied spaces, and notify you if pets enter areas where they’re not supposed to be.

人感センサーの制限事項

While motion sensors are an integral part of a comprehensive security system, they are not without their drawbacks. Understanding these limitations can help users make informed decisions and optimize their use.

限られた検知範囲

Motion sensors have a limited detection range. This limitation can create blind spots that crafty intruders might exploit. Using a sensor beyond its optimal range can have serious implications for critical security systems. Thus it’s crucial to review product specifications to select the right sensor for monitoring a specific area and place your motion sensors at the optimal places for the best coverage and least blind spot.

Motion sensors may also fail to detect movement when their signals are blocked by furniture, decorations, and other objects. Blocked sensors can result in security gaps that can be exploited by intruders.

誤警報

Motion sensors can cause false alarms. Various factors, such as pets, swaying trees, and other environmental elements, can trigger some sensors, leading to false alarms. These false alarms can frustrate users, diminish the likelihood of an adequate response during a real emergency, and sometimes result in punitive fines from local authorities.

Improper installation, such as placing sensors too close to heat sources like heating vents, furnaces, and fireplaces, is the main cause of false alarms. In such cases, motion detectors can mistake the movement of hot air for actual motion.

放射線に関する懸念

Microwave sensors emit electromagnetic radiation at levels similar to those emitted by cell phones and Wi-Fi routers. On the other hand, tomographic sensors emit high-energy forms of radiation that can potentially damage living tissue. These sensors are rarely used outside of airport security gates and medical rooms. If you have concerns about potential health effects from radiation emitted by motion detectors, it’s advisable to consult with security experts.

回避行動への対策

Intruders may employ various tactics to fool motion sensors. These include moving extremely slowly, walking directly underneath a detector, hiding behind large pieces of furniture, crawling or crouching to a pet’s height, and covering a motion sensor with a piece of paper, foil, or fabric.

Many modern motion detectors are designed to withstand these evasion tactics. For example, some motion sensors project beams down and out to detect someone who is crawling. To maximize the protection of your home, consider using multiple types of devices, such as window and door sensors and glass break sensors, along with motion sensors.

最適な検知範囲を得るための人感センサーの設置場所

人感センサーの性能を最大限に発揮させるには、設置場所が極めて重要です。家庭内の異変を最も確実に検知するためには、センサーを適切な位置に配置する必要があります。また、誤警報が発生しにくい場所にセンサーを設置することも重要です。

The placement of motion sensors is a crucial aspect that can significantly affect their performance. The ideal height for sensor installation is between 6 to 8 feet off the ground. Here are some key considerations and tips for motion sensor placement.

検知範囲

Typical motion sensors have a range of up to 80 feet. This means a single motion sensor might not cover a long hallway or an open workspace. Therefore, place several sensors around your home or business, especially in areas where people frequently walk, such as hallways, staircases, living rooms, and bedrooms.

侵入経路

Install sensors near major home entry points like the front door, back door, or patio door. You can also buy motion detectors designed specifically for doors and windows.

人通りの多い場所

Place sensors in high-traffic areas. You’re more likely to detect an intruder if you install the sensor in a hallway, stairwell, or another location people must walk through. Place sensors near rooms with valuable items where thieves may go first.

熱源を避ける

Don’t install PIR sensors near a heat source. PIR sensors analyze the fluctuations in temperature of a given area and can trigger a false alarm if they are installed too close to a vent, furnace, or fireplace. Place these sensors 10-15 feet away from sunny windows, heating vents, and radiators.

障害物を避ける

Ensure no obstructions are blocking the sensors’ line of sight. An obstruction may not be obvious at first. For instance, if you’re installing a motion sensor light on your house above your driveway, your parked car may obstruct its ability to detect motion on the sidewalk or in the street.

部屋の隅

Room corners provide a vantage point that allows motion sensors to cover a broader room area. When positioned in a corner, the sensor’s field of view can extend diagonally across the room.

十分な開放スペース

Consider using ultrasonic or microwave sensors to cover more ground for larger spaces.

保管場所

Motion sensors in storage places can help save energy by automatically turning off lights when there’s no motion. You can install sensors in your basement or garage.

メンテナンス

Wipe the sensor free of any dust or debris after you finish installing to ensure an unobstructed lens, and be sure to clean them periodically thereafter.

家庭用モーションセンサーの選び方

Selecting the ideal motion sensor for your specific needs involves considering several key factors. Here are some main tips to help you make an informed decision.

セキュリティシステムとの互換性

Ensure the motion detectors you choose are compatible with your existing security system. Many top-tier home security systems offer packages that include motion detectors. If you’re purchasing your motion detectors separately, make sure they work seamlessly with your other components, such as home security cameras, video doorbells, smart locks, motion sensor lights, and door sensors.

感度レベル

Different sensors have distinct coverage areas. Choose a sensor that covers your desired location without gaps or overlaps. Most models have adjustable sensitivity settings, allowing you to fine-tune the sensor to your specific needs and reduce false alarms. If you have a pet, consider pet-friendly motion detectors that can differentiate between humans and animals.

スマートホームとの連携

If you have a home automation setup, look for motion detectors that can integrate with it. This feature allows you to control the sensor with your voice. Some sensors are designed to work with specific platforms and protocols, so choose the right one for your setup.

センサーの種類

Certain types of sensors may be better suited to your specific home situation. For instance, if you have small rooms with lots of heating ducts, you might want to avoid PIR detectors to prevent false alarms every time the heat kicks on. Similarly, if you live near an airport, you might want to avoid vibration sensors.

価格

Set a budget and compare the features and capabilities of sensors within that price range. The cost of motion sensors typically falls within the range of $30 to $50, with variations based on the features offered by different models.

ワイヤレスセンサーまたは有線センサー

Decide whether you want wireless or wired sensors. Wired sensors need to be tied into your home’s electrical system, which may not be an option if you rent your place. Wireless motion sensors are less intrusive, easier to install, and can work in conjunction with the rest of your security system using Wi-Fi internet.

映像の録画

If you want to record footage of your home, consider sensors with built-in PIR sensors that activate the camera whenever they detect motion in your living room.

ホームセキュリティ用モーションセンサー

Motion sensors play a pivotal role in home security systems by providing an extra layer of protection. They safeguard your home by detecting movement within and around your property.

Here are some ways motion sensors can be used in a home security system.

子供の見守り

If there are areas on your property that are unsuitable for children, you can set up motion sensors around the entrances to these areas, which will alert you if your child wanders in.

迷いペットや野生動物の検知・通知

You can use motion sensors to notify you if your pet wanders into the wrong area.

ティーンエイジャーの無断外出や夜遅くの帰宅の通知

For their safety and a parent’s peace of mind, you can have these sensors installed around windows, entrances, and garages that will keep you alerted.

強盗や不審者の侵入防止

This is one of the most obvious benefits of motion sensors.

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来客の通知

A motion sensor can alert you when a car pulls into your driveway.

ドアの自動開閉

In addition to security and surveillance, motion sensors can also activate other convenience functions such as door openers.

入室時の照明の自動点灯

If someone in your household has a habit of leaving lights on when they exit a room, a motion sensor can help you save on your electrical bill.

ビジネス・店舗用モーションセンサー

Motion sensors offer an effective solution for various security and operational challenges that businesses face daily. Here are some ways motion sensors can be utilized in a business setting.

営業時間外の不法侵入者を警備へ通知

Commercial properties and retail stores often house valuable goods such as electronic devices, jewelry, art, glassware, and designer clothes, making them attractive targets for burglars. Motion sensors can detect any unauthorized entry, even the quietest ones, by sensing body heat and movement.

The alarm is triggered as soon as an intruder crosses a sensor’s beam, alerting the police within minutes. The sensors are most effective at detecting crossing movement rather than approaching movement, so they should be installed to run perpendicular to where a burglar would most likely tread.

施設内に潜伏する強盗などの不審者を警備へ通知

Some burglars adopt a different strategy, entering the premises during the day, hiding, and waiting for the shop to close to carry out their heist. With motion detectors installed throughout the premises, it becomes challenging for them to steal anything. Even the most silent criminals cannot defy infrared heat sensors, which can detect movement from multiple angles.

Alert Security of Vandalism

Not all thieves attempt to enter your store or building. Some might resort to vandalism, such as throwing a rock through the window, grabbing something from the display, and running. Any object thrown through the window will likely trip the sensor waves and set off an alarm.

Keep Unauthorized Personnel Out of Restricted Areas

On a large business premise, it can sometimes be difficult to keep restricted areas monitored at all times. Motion sensors can be used to keep unauthorized individuals out of restricted or employee-only areas.

Activate Lights Automatically

Motion sensors can be connected to lights on a commercial property to activate automatically whenever someone enters a room or passes through a corridor. This feature not only saves energy but also enhances security by deterring unauthorized personnel from advancing further into restricted areas.

Activate Entryways and Verify Passes

Motion sensors can make doors and entryways more secure and hassle-free. In a system that incorporates motion sensors into the mechanisms of entrances, all you need to enter a room or area is a pass.

Motion Sensors and Room Occupancy

With changes in working patterns and increasing real estate prices, measuring room occupancy has become a critical requirement for many organizations. Placing wireless motion sensors in all relevant locations enables a company to have real-time, up-to-date, and accurate data about the occupancy of those areas. This data can be used to maximize space utilization, improve employee efficiency, and save costs by eliminating underused areas.

Motion Sensors and Cleaning Schedules

Data from the wireless motion sensors can be analyzed to track how frequently restrooms, desks, and meeting rooms are used and to determine if and when cleaning is required. This allows for the tailoring of cleaning schedules, reducing labor costs, saving energy, and providing accurate data for measuring performance against cleaning contracts.

「Types of Motion Sensors and How Do They Work」への1件のフィードバック

  1. Thank you for your insightful comments on our blog post about how motion sensors work. I appreciate your engagement and valuable contributions to our discussion!

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