{"id":12820,"date":"2023-08-01T02:18:45","date_gmt":"2023-08-01T02:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.rayzeek.com\/?p=12820"},"modified":"2023-12-26T08:35:46","modified_gmt":"2023-12-26T08:35:46","slug":"what-is-adaptation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.rayzeek.com\/cs\/glossary\/what-is-adaptation\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je to adaptace"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-adaptation\">Co je to adaptace<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adaptace ozna\u010duje schopnost oka p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se zm\u011bn\u00e1m sv\u011bteln\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. Existuj\u00ed dva typy adaptace: adaptace na tmu a adaptace na sv\u011btlo. Adaptace na tmu je proces, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se oko p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00farovni osv\u011btlen\u00ed, a zahrnuje regeneraci zrakov\u00e9ho pigmentu z opsinu a 11-cis retinalu. \u010cas pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro adaptaci na tmu a regeneraci pigmentu je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry ur\u010den lok\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed 11-cis retinalu a rychlost\u00ed, jakou je dod\u00e1v\u00e1n do opsinu ve vyb\u011blen\u00fdch ty\u010dink\u00e1ch. Ty\u010dinky jsou citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011btlo a pln\u00e1 adaptace na zm\u011bnu sv\u011btla jim trv\u00e1 d\u00e9le. \u010c\u00edpky se naopak na tmu adaptuj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 9\u201310 minut. Citlivost dr\u00e1hy ty\u010dinek se ve tm\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b zlep\u0161uje b\u011bhem 5\u201310 minut. Inhibice neurony ovliv\u0148uje tak\u00e9 aktivaci v synaps\u00edch. Spole\u010dn\u011b s vyb\u011blen\u00edm pigmentu ty\u010dinky nebo \u010d\u00edpku se inhibuje slu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f na ganglion\u00e1rn\u00edch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, co\u017e sni\u017euje konvergenci. <\/p>\n<div class=\"insert_portfolio_outer_wrapper\"><h3>Inspirujte se portfoliem sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f pohybu Rayzeek.<\/h3><p>Nena\u0161li jste, co hled\u00e1te? Nem\u011bjte obavy. K vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed va\u0161ich po\u017eadavk\u016f existuj\u00ed v\u017edy alternativn\u00ed cesty. Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 z na\u0161ich portfoli\u00ed.<\/p><div class = \"insert_portfolio_buttons\"><div class = \"insert_portfolio_button_wrapper\"><div><a href = \"https:\/\/www.rayzeek.com\/product-category\/motion-sensors\"><p>PIR sn\u00edma\u010de pohybu<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class = \"insert_portfolio_button_wrapper\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rayzeek.com\/motion-sensor-switches\"><p>Sp\u00edna\u010de s pohybov\u00fdm senzorem<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class = \"insert_portfolio_button_wrapper\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rayzeek.com\/occupancy-vacancy-sensors\"><p>\u010cidla p\u0159\u00edtomnosti<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class = \"insert_portfolio_button_wrapper\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rayzeek.com\/products\/rz050\"><p>Sn\u00edma\u010d pohybu pro klimatizaci<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class = \"insert_portfolio_button_wrapper\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rayzeek.com\/product-category\/motion-sensor-light-strip\"><p>Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 p\u00e1sky s pohybov\u00fdm \u010didlem<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class = \"insert_portfolio_button_wrapper\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rayzeek.com\/product-category\/dc-sensor-dimmer\"><p>N\u00edzkonap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de pohybu \/ stm\u00edva\u010de<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class = \"insert_portfolio_button_wrapper\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rayzeek.com\/product-category\/wireless-motion-sensors\"><p>Sady bezdr\u00e1tov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f pohybu<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adaptace na sv\u011btlo je naopak p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed oka r\u016fzn\u00fdm jas\u016fm p\u0159i p\u0159echodu ze tmy do osv\u011btlen\u00e9ho prostoru. B\u011bhem tohoto obdob\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsobov\u00e1n\u00ed se citlivost s\u00edtnice sni\u017euje a \u010d\u00edpky v oku se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi ne\u017e ty\u010dinky. Proces adaptace lze klinicky m\u011b\u0159it pomoc\u00ed experiment\u016f s p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstkov\u00fdm prahem, kter\u00e9 mohou poskytnout jasn\u00e9 a objektivn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed funkce s\u00edtnice. K\u0159ivka z\u00e1vislosti prahu na intenzit\u011b z\u00edskan\u00e1 z t\u011bchto experiment\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt jednof\u00e1zov\u00fd nebo dvouf\u00e1zov\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh v z\u00e1vislosti na volb\u011b vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky testu a pozad\u00ed, velikosti testovac\u00edho pole a excentricit\u011b s\u00edtnice. Dvouf\u00e1zov\u00e1 odezva odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed du\u00e1ln\u00ed charakter vid\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e spodn\u00ed v\u011btev pat\u0159\u00ed syst\u00e9mu ty\u010dinek a horn\u00ed v\u011btev syst\u00e9mu \u010d\u00edpk\u016f. Princip Weberova z\u00e1kona lze aplikovat na st\u00e1lost kontrastu nebo invariantnost kontrastu, kdy kontrast z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 konstantn\u00ed a nez\u00e1visl\u00fd na okoln\u00edm jasu. Weberova konstanta neboli Weber\u016fv pod\u00edl pro dr\u00e1hy ty\u010dinek a \u010d\u00edpk\u016f je 0,14 a 0,02 a\u017e 0,03, zat\u00edmco dr\u00e1ha S-\u010d\u00edpk\u016f m\u00e1 Weberovu konstantu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,09.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faqs\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-frequently-asked-questions\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 dotazy<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_q\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-does-light-adaptation-occur\">Jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 adaptace na sv\u011btlo<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adaptace na sv\u011btlo prob\u00edh\u00e1 v cel\u00e9m zrakov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu, po\u010d\u00ednaje fotoreceptory a\u017e po centr\u00e1ln\u00ed neurony. Schopnost fotoreceptor\u016f p\u0159izp\u016fsobit svou citlivost okoln\u00edm sv\u011bteln\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m je v\u0161ak z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho zrakov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_q\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-is-light-adaptation-important\">Pro\u010d je adaptace na sv\u011btlo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adaptace na sv\u011btlo je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, proto\u017ee n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 vyhnout se \u201ckatastrof\u011b saturace\u201d a udr\u017eet konzistentn\u00ed odezvu s\u00edtnice na kontrast i p\u0159es zm\u011bny osv\u011btlen\u00ed. To je nezbytn\u00e9 pro dosa\u017een\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1losti a p\u0159esn\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch objekt\u016f, jak uvedli Shapley a Enroth-Cugell v roce 1984.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_q\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-part-of-the-eye-adapts-to-light\">Kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st oka se p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje sv\u011btlu<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zornice: Je to \u010d\u00e1st oka, kter\u00e1 upravuje svou velikost tak, aby regulovala mno\u017estv\u00ed sv\u011btla vstupuj\u00edc\u00edho do oka. Duhovka \u0159\u00edd\u00ed velikost zornice a funguje jako clona ve fotoapar\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_q\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-long-does-it-take-for-eyes-to-adapt-to-light\">Jak dlouho trv\u00e1 o\u010d\u00edm adaptace na sv\u011btlo<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010c\u00edpky dosahuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed citlivosti b\u011bhem p\u011bti a\u017e sedmi minut, zat\u00edmco ty\u010dinky vy\u017eaduj\u00ed alespo\u0148 t\u0159icet a\u017e \u010dty\u0159icet p\u011bt minut \u00fapln\u00e9 tmy k dosa\u017een\u00ed 80% adaptace na tmu. K \u00fapln\u00e9 adaptaci na tmu je v\u0161ak pot\u0159eba n\u011bkolik hodin. Proto se na\u0161e o\u010di p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed jasn\u00e9mu sv\u011btlu mnohem rychleji, ne\u017e se p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed tm\u011b.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_q\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-does-adaptation-mean-in-vision\">Co znamen\u00e1 adaptace ve vid\u011bn\u00ed<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zrakov\u00e1 adaptace ozna\u010duje p\u0159echodnou zm\u011bnu citlivosti nebo vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, ke kter\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e je jedinec vystaven nov\u00e9mu podn\u011btu, a p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed i po odstran\u011bn\u00ed podn\u011btu, podle definice poskytnut\u00e9 Websterem v roce 2011.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_q\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-an-example-of-dark-light-adaptation\">P\u0159\u00edklad adaptace na tmu<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adaptace na tmu je mechanismus, kter\u00fdm se na\u0161e o\u010di p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m s n\u00edzkou intenzitou po vystaven\u00ed jasn\u00e9mu sv\u011btlu. Pokud nap\u0159\u00edklad vejdeme do slab\u011b osv\u011btlen\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti pot\u00e9, co jsme byli venku na jasn\u00e9m slune\u010dn\u00edm sv\u011btle, na\u0161e o\u010di zpo\u010d\u00e1tku st\u011b\u017e\u00ed vid\u00ed. Postupem \u010dasu se v\u0161ak na\u0161e o\u010di postupn\u011b zotav\u00ed a stanou se citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi na n\u00edzkou \u00farove\u0148 osv\u011btlen\u00ed v interi\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_q\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-adaptations-to-low-light\">Jak\u00e9 jsou adaptace na n\u00edzk\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group glossary_faq_a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rostliny se p\u0159izp\u016fsobily n\u00edzk\u00e9 intenzit\u011b sv\u011btla zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm velikosti sv\u00e9 fotosyntetick\u00e9 jednotky, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako b\u011blkovinn\u00e1 fotosyntetick\u00e1 jednotka. Tato adaptace umo\u017e\u0148uje chloroplast\u016fm m\u00edt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed PSU, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee foton zas\u00e1hne chlorofylovou ant\u00e9nu p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch sv\u011bteln\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. V d\u016fsledku toho maj\u00ed rostliny adaptovan\u00e9 na n\u00edzk\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost fotosyntetick\u00e9 jednotky ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s rostlinami adaptovan\u00fdmi na vysokou intenzitu sv\u011btla.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Doesn\\&#8217;t find what you want? Don\\&#8217;t worry. There are always alternate ways to solve your problems. 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Don&#039;t worry. There are always alternate ways to solve your problems. 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